# Generative learning for discrete MNIST data using randomly structured SPNs¶

This notebook shows how to build a randomly structured SPN and train it with online hard EM on binarized MNIST data.

### Setting up the imports and preparing the data¶

We load the data from tf.keras.datasets. Preprocessing consists of flattening and binarization of the data.

In [ ]:
%matplotlib inline
import libspn as spn
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
from libspn.examples.utils.dataiterator import DataIterator
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

(train_x, train_y), (test_x, test_y) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()

def binarize(x):
return np.where(np.greater(x / 255., 0.25), 1.0, 0.0)

def flatten(x):
return x.reshape(-1, np.prod(x.shape[1:]))

def preprocess(x, y):
return binarize(flatten(x)).astype(int), np.expand_dims(y, axis=1)

# Preprocess
train_x, train_y = preprocess(train_x, train_y)
test_x, test_y = preprocess(test_x, test_y)


### Defining the hyperparameters¶

Some hyperparameters for the SPN.

• num_subsets is used for the DenseSPNGenerator. This corresponds to the number of variable subsets joined by product nodes in the SPN.
• num_mixtures is used for the DenseSPNGenerator. This corresponds to the number of sum nodes per scope.
• num_decomps is used for the DenseSPNGenerator. This corresponds to the number of decompositions generated at each level of products from top-down.
• num_vars corresponds to the number of input variables (the number of pixels in the case of MNIST).
• balanced is used for the DenseSPNGenerator. If true, then the generated SPN will have balanced subsets and will consequently be a balanced tree.
• input_dist is the input distribution (the first product/sum layer in the SPN). spn.DenseSPNGenerator.InputDist.RAW corresponds to raw indicators being joined (so first layer is a product layer). spn.DenseSPNGenerator.InputDist.MIXTURE would correspond to a sums on top of each indicator.
• num_leaf_values is the number of unique discrete values in the leaf distribution (2 since data is binary).
• inference_type determines the kind of forward inference where spn.InferenceType.MARGINAL corresponds to sum nodes marginalizing their inputs. spn.InferenceType.MPE would correspond to having max nodes instead.
• num_classes, batch_size and num_epochs should be obvious:)
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# Number of variable subsets that a product joins
num_subsets = 2
# Number of sums per scope
num_mixtures = 4
# Number of variables
num_vars = train_x.shape[1]
# Number of decompositions per product layer
num_decomps = 1
# Generate balanced subsets -> balanced tree
balanced = True
# Input distribution. Raw corresponds to first layer being product that
# takes raw indicators
input_dist = spn.DenseSPNGenerator.InputDist.RAW
# Number of different values at leaf (binary here, so 2)
num_leaf_values = 2
# Initial value for path count accumulators
initial_accum_value = 0.1
# Inference type (can also be spn.InferenceType.MPE) where
# sum nodes are turned into max nodes
inference_type = spn.InferenceType.MARGINAL

# Number of classes
num_classes = 10
batch_size = 32
num_epochs = 10


### Building the SPN¶

Our SPN consists of binary leaf indicators, a dense SPN per class and a root node connecting the 10 class-wise sub-SPNs. We also add an indicator node to the root node to model the latent class variable. Finally, we generate Weight nodes for the full SPN by using spn.generate_weights.

In [ ]:
# Reset the graph
tf.reset_default_graph()

# Leaf nodes
leaf_indicators = spn.IndicatorLeaf(num_vals=num_leaf_values, num_vars=num_vars)

# Generates densely connected random SPNs
dense_generator = spn.DenseSPNGenerator(
node_type=spn.DenseSPNGenerator.NodeType.BLOCK,
num_subsets=num_subsets, num_mixtures=num_mixtures, num_decomps=num_decomps,
balanced=balanced, input_dist=input_dist)

# Generate a dense SPN for each class
class_roots = [dense_generator.generate(leaf_indicators) for _ in range(num_classes)]

# Connect sub-SPNs to a root
root = spn.Sum(*class_roots, name="RootSum")
root = spn.convert_to_layer_nodes(root)

# Add an IVs node to the root as a latent class variable
class_indicators = root.generate_latent_indicators()

# Generate the weights for the SPN rooted at root
spn.generate_weights(root)

print("SPN depth: {}".format(root.get_depth()))
print("Number of products layers: {}".format(root.get_num_nodes(node_type=spn.ProductsLayer)))
print("Number of sums layers: {}".format(root.get_num_nodes(node_type=spn.SumsLayer)))


### Defining the TensorFlow graph¶

Now that we have defined the SPN graph we can declare the TensorFlow operations needed for training and evaluation. We use the EMLearning class to help us out. The MPEState class can be used to find the MPE state of any node in the graph. In this case we might be interested in generating images or finding the most likely class based on the evidence elsewhere. These correspond to finding the MPE state for leaf_indicators and class_indicators respectively.

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# Op for initializing all weights
weight_init_op = spn.initialize_weights(root)
# Op for getting the log probability of the root
root_log_prob = root.get_log_value(inference_type=inference_type)

# Helper for constructing EM learning ops
em_learning = spn.EMLearning(
initial_accum_value=initial_accum_value, root=root, value_inference_type=inference_type)
# Accumulate counts and update weights
online_em_update_op = em_learning.accumulate_and_update_weights()
# Op for initializing accumulators
init_accumulators = em_learning.reset_accumulators()

# MPE state generator
mpe_state_generator = spn.MPEState()
# Generate MPE state ops for leaf indicator and class indicator
leaf_indicator_mpe, class_indicator_mpe = mpe_state_generator.get_state(root, leaf_indicators, class_indicators)


### Display TF Graph¶

Only works with Chrome browser.

In [ ]:
spn.display_tf_graph()


### Training the SPN¶

Here we we train while monitoring the likelihood. Note that we train the SPN generatively, which means that it does not optimize for discriminating between digits. This is why we observe lower accuracies than when e.g. training a discriminative model such as an MLP with cross-entropy loss.

In [ ]:
# Set up some convenient iterators
train_iterator = DataIterator([train_x, train_y], batch_size=batch_size)
test_iterator = DataIterator([test_x, test_y], batch_size=batch_size)

def fd(x, y):
return {leaf_indicators: x, class_indicators: y}

with tf.Session() as sess:
# Initialize things
sess.run([weight_init_op, tf.global_variables_initializer(), init_accumulators])

# Do one run for test likelihoods
log_likelihoods = []
for batch_x, batch_y in test_iterator.iter_epoch("Testing"):
batch_llh = sess.run(root_log_prob, fd(batch_x, batch_y))
log_likelihoods.extend(batch_llh)
test_iterator.display_progress(LLH="{:.2f}".format(np.mean(batch_llh)))
mean_test_llh = np.mean(log_likelihoods)

print("Before training test LLH = {:.2f}".format(mean_test_llh))
for epoch in range(num_epochs):

# Train
log_likelihoods = []
for batch_x, batch_y in train_iterator.iter_epoch("Training"):
batch_llh, _ = sess.run(
[root_log_prob, online_em_update_op], fd(batch_x, batch_y))
log_likelihoods.extend(batch_llh)
train_iterator.display_progress(LLH="{:.2f}".format(np.mean(batch_llh)))
mean_train_llh = np.mean(log_likelihoods)

# Test
log_likelihoods, matches = [], []
for batch_x, batch_y in test_iterator.iter_epoch("Testing"):
batch_llh, batch_class_mpe = sess.run([root_log_prob, class_indicator_mpe], fd(batch_x, -np.ones_like(batch_y, dtype=int)))
log_likelihoods.extend(batch_llh)
matches.extend(np.equal(batch_class_mpe, batch_y))
test_iterator.display_progress(LLH="{:.2f}".format(np.mean(batch_llh)))
mean_test_llh = np.mean(log_likelihoods)
mean_test_acc = np.mean(matches)

# Report
print("Epoch {}, train LLH = {:.2f}, test LLH = {:.2f}, test accuracy = {:.2f}".format(
epoch, mean_train_llh, mean_test_llh, mean_test_acc))

# Compute MPE state of all digits
per_class_mpe = sess.run(
leaf_indicator_mpe,
fd(
-np.ones([num_classes, num_vars], dtype=int),
np.expand_dims(np.arange(num_classes, dtype=int), 1)
)
)



### Visualize MPE state per class¶

We can visualize the MPE state computed at the end of the script above.

In [ ]:
for sample in per_class_mpe:
_, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.imshow(sample.reshape(28, 28).astype(float), cmap='gray')
plt.show()